""" Physical parameters for a quadrotor. Values parameterize the inertia, motor dynamics, rotor aerodynamics, parasitic drag, and rotor placement. Additional sources: https://bitcraze.io/2015/02/measuring-propeller-rpm-part-3 https://wiki.bitcraze.io/misc:investigations:thrust https://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2057&context=publication Notes: k_thrust is inferred from 14.5 g thrust at 2500 rad/s k_drag is mostly made up """ import numpy as np d = 0.043 # Arm length quad_params = { # Inertial properties 'mass': 0.03, # kg 'Ixx': 1.43e-5, # kg*m^2 'Iyy': 1.43e-5, # kg*m^2 'Izz': 2.89e-5, # kg*m^2 'Ixy': 0.0, # kg*m^2 'Iyz': 0.0, # kg*m^2 'Ixz': 0.0, # kg*m^2 # Geometric properties, all vectors are relative to the center of mass. 'num_rotors': 4, # for looping over each actuator 'rotor_pos': { 'r1': d*np.array([ 0.70710678118, 0.70710678118, 0]), # Location of Rotor 1, meters 'r2': d*np.array([ 0.70710678118,-0.70710678118, 0]), # Location of Rotor 2, meters 'r3': d*np.array([-0.70710678118,-0.70710678118, 0]), # Location of Rotor 3, meters 'r4': d*np.array([-0.70710678118, 0.70710678118, 0]), # Location of Rotor 4, meters }, 'rotor_directions': np.array([1,-1,1,-1]), # This dictates the direction of the torque for each motor. 'rI': np.array([0,0,0]), # location of the IMU sensor, meters # Frame aerodynamic properties 'c_Dx': 0.5e-2, # parasitic drag in body x axis, N/(m/s)**2 'c_Dy': 0.5e-2, # parasitic drag in body y axis, N/(m/s)**2 'c_Dz': 1e-2, # parasitic drag in body z axis, N/(m/s)**2 # Rotor properties # See "System Identification of the Crazyflie 2.0 Nano Quadrocopter", Forster 2015. 'k_eta': 2.3e-08, # thrust coefficient N/(rad/s)**2 'k_m': 7.8e-10, # yaw moment coefficient Nm/(rad/s)**2 'k_d': 10.2506e-07, # rotor drag coefficient N/(rad*m/s**2) = kg/rad 'k_z': 7.553e-07, # induced inflow coefficient N/(rad*m/s**2) = kg/rad 'k_flap': 0.0, # Flapping moment coefficient Nm/(rad*m/s**2) = kg*m/rad # Motor properties 'tau_m': 0.005, # motor response time, seconds 'rotor_speed_min': 0, # rad/s 'rotor_speed_max': 2500, # rad/s 'motor_noise_std': 100, # rad/s }